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System: In this section, a 'system' is a computer. A laptop or a PC can be a system, or a computer which is in a data center.
Service: In this section, a 'service' is a kind of resource which is getting used. Software can be started on a computer, and then offer one or more 'services'. For example, software called “Nginx webserver” can offer web pages, so someone can over the network connect there and request the web pages - and they get delivered.
Server: Literally, 'to serve' means to offer something. In this section, computers which are offering some kind of service are called 'server'. For example, a webserver is a system which is offering web sites. A database server is a system offering database services.
OpenSource is a concept of software licensing. Many variations exist, but with OpenSource software, people can openly see the source code of the software. For example, the “Nginx webserver” is under an Opensource license. One can freely look at the source code, and translate the source code into machine readable software which can then be started, and can deliver web pages.
Source code is human readable code, so instructions in a programming language. Source code is written in text files, readable with a text editor software. Source code can be translated (“compiled”) into machine readable code, which is then 'software' and can be executed. That executed software can offer services, like 'deliver webpages', 'offer video chat' or something else.
- Practically open a text editor, write a hello world in C, compile and run it.
IP address is a unique identifier of a computer on the internet, a bit like a phone number. When I access a website with the browser, then data packets from my IP get routed to the IP of the webserver, and all the way back. geotraceroute.com and other tools can visualize this.

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